The layered structure of the normal bronchial mucosa was clearly visualized in the OFDI images including the identification of the epithelium, lamina propria, smooth muscle, perichondrium and cartilage layers. In addition, features such as mucosal vasculature, glands, ducts and alveoli were observed. Various features associated with airway disease were also observed including the presence of fibrous debris, airway inflammation, and lymphatic and blood vasculature remodeling. Based on these preliminary results we anticipate that OFDI imaging of the pulmonary airways will enable the early detection of airway features associated with the development of cancer. When used as a screening tool in high-risk patients we hope that early detection of airway associated cancer with OFDI will result in a decrease in patient mortality.