Table 1 OPC literature review: risk and protective factors for OPC

Rodriguez T et al. [8]

2004

Italy, Switzerland

Case-Control

137

298

Heavy Smokers OR = 20.7; Heavy drinkers OR = 4.9; High tobacco and alcohol OR = 48; High coffee consumption OR = 0.25; High vegetable consumption OR = 0.39; High fruit consumption OR = 0.73; High beta carotene consumption OR = 0.48

Pelucchi C, et al. [9]

2003

Italy, Switzerland

Case-Control

749

1772

Highest tertile of dietary folate intake OR = 0.53; Combined OR for low folate and high alcohol OR = 22.3

Greenberg RS, et al. [10]

1991

United States

Case-Control

762

837

Low percentage of years worked OR = 2.3

Day GL, et al. [11]

1993

United States

Case-Control

1065

1182

Heavy drinking among blacks OR = 17; Heavy drinking among whites OR = 9;

Cook MB, et al. [12]

2009

United States

Retrospective

-

-

Male-to-female incidence rate ratio hypopharynx = 4.13; Male-to-female incidence rate ratio oropharynx = 3.06

Ho PS, et al. [13]

2007

Taiwan

Retrospective

-

-

Highest age-standardized mortality rate for females of aboriginal groups = 3.76; Highest age standardized incidence rate for females of aboriginal groups = 2.18

Franseschi S, et al. [14]

2000

United States, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia (49 areas worldwide)

Retrospective

-

-

Internationally, OPC highest for men in Bas Rhin, France (49.4/100,000 male incidence); For men in Americas and Australia, OPC highest for blacks in the United States (17.8/100,000)

Franseschi S, et al. [19]

1999

Italy, Switzerland

Case-Control

274 oral cancer; 364 pharyngeal cancer

1254

Oral cancer, ≥ 77 drinks/week, ≥ 25 cigarettes/day, OR = 228; Pharyngeal cancer, > 77 drinks/week, > 25 cigarettes/day, OR = 100

Fioretti F, et al. [20]

1999

Italy

Case-Control

42 (lifelong non-smokers

864 (lifelong non-smokers

OPC drinkers vs. non drinkers OR = 3.0; OPC drinking 35+ years vs. non drinking OR = 3.6; High butter intake OR = 2.7

Blot WJ, et al. [21]

1988

United States

Case-Control

1114

1268

Two or more packs cigarettes smoked/day and four or more drinks/day OR = 37.7; Males who smoked filters OR = 0.5

Varela-Lema L, et al. [22]

2009

Spain

Case-Control

92

230

Ever smokers OR = 27.7

Talamini R, et al. [23]

1990

Italy

Case-Control

27 non-smokers; 19 non-drinkers

572 non-smokers; 213 non-drinkers

Non-smokers, 14-55 vs. 0-13 alcoholic drinks/week OR = 1.5; Non-smokers, 56+ alcoholic drinks/week, OR = 2.2; Non-drinkers, < 15 cigarettes/day OR = 3.8; Non-drinkers, > 15 cigarettes/day OR = 12.9

Kabat GC, et al. [24]

1994

United States

Case-Control

1560

2948

Male current smokers, users of filter cigarettes OR = 0.5

Aune D, et al. [25]

2009

Uruguay

Case-Control

3539

2032

High red meat consumption OR = 3.65

Kune GA, et al. [26]

1993

Australia

Case-Control

41

398

Fiber intake OR = 0.29; Vitamin C > 745 mg/week OR = 0.39

Soler M, et al. [27]

2001

Italy

Case-Control

271 oral cancer; 327 pharyngeal cancer; 304 esophageal cancer

1950

Highest fiber intake OR = 0.40

Negri E, et al. [28]

2000

Italy, Switzerland

Case-Control

754

1775

Highest Vitamin C intake OR = 0.63

Lucenteforte E, et al. [29]

2009

Italy

Metanalysis (6 cohort, 40 case-control studies)

-

-

High vegetable consumption pooled RR = 0.52; High fruit consumption pooled RR = 0.55

Gridley G, et al. [30]

1992

United States

Case-Control

1114

1268

"Ever regularly used" vitamin E, OR = 0.5

Levi F, et al. [31]

1998

Switzerland

Case-Control

156

284

Highest tertile of egg consumption OR = 2.3; Red meat OR = 2.1; Pork and processed meat OR = 3.2; Highest tertile for milk consumption OR = 0.4; fish OR = 0.5; raw vegetables OR = 0.3; cooked vegetables OR = 0.1; citrus fruit OR = 0.4; other fruits OR = 0.2

Franceschi S, et al. [32]

1999

Italy

Case-Control

598

1491

Highest quintile coffee and tea OR = 0.6; Highest quintile white bread OR = 0.4; Highest quintile soups OR = 2.5; Highest quintile poultry OR = 0.6; Highest quintile fish OR = 0.6; Highest quintile eggs OR = 2.5; Highest quintile raw vegetables OR = 0.4; Highest quintile cooked vegetables OR = 0.5; Highest quintile citrus fruit OR = 0.5; Highest quintile cakes and desserts OR = 1.6

Zheng W, et al. [33]

1992

China

Case-Control

204

414

Highest tertile of fruit and vegetable consumption among men OR = 0.6

Lipworth L, et al. [34]

2009

Italy

Case-Control

804

2080

Vitamin D intake OR = 0.76; Heavy smokers and low dietary vitamin D intake OR = 10.4: Heavy drinkers and low dietary vitamin D intake OR = 8.5

Goldstein AM, et al. [35]

1994

United States

Case-Control

487

485

Odds for OPC increases for those whose sisters developed other cancers OR = 1.6

Huebner WW, et al. [36]

1992

United States

Case-Control

1114

1268

Male carpet installers OR = 7.7 (among carpet installers, 23 cases, 4 controls)

Goodwin WJ, et al. [37]

2008

United States

Retrospective

-

-

OPC greater in black than white populations; OPC survival lower in black than white populations

Morse DE, et al. [38]

2006

United States

Retrospective

-

-

OPC age adjusted incidence rates and mortality rates highest for black males; Mortality rates 82% higher for black males relative to white males

Tomar SL, et al. [39]

2004

United States

Retrospective

21481

-

Blacks had elevated hazard ratios compared to whites HR range: 1.20-1.53

Moore RJ, et al. [40]

2001

United States

Retrospective

909

African-Americans five-year survival rate of 27.6%; white patients five-year survival rate of 52.0%. African-American and white Americans less than 60 years of age had a survival rate of 29.2% and 60.9%, respectively.

Chen AY, et al. [41]

2007

United States

Retrospective

40487

-

Patients with advanced OPC more likely to be uninsured OR = 1.37